How do I reference something with no date in Vancouver?

Answer

If there is information missing from your reference and you cannot find it, there are still ways to reference the information using the Vancouver format. This may occur most with webpages and websites.

  • If the date of copyright can be found, use that, and place a ‘c’ in front the date, e.g. c1955.
  • If you are able to estimate or infer the date, enter the year followed by a ‘?’ in square brackets, e.g. [1999?].
  • If no date can be found or estimated, use [date unknown].

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  • Last Updated May 27, 2026
  • Views 12
  • Answered By Elen Davies (Academic Support Team)

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